Multiscale Analysis of the Gold Dust Defect in AISI 430 Industrial Stainless Steels: Influence of the Aluminum Content

Abstract

The "Gold Dust Defect" affects the surface quality of AISI 430 ferritic stainless steels. However, there is a very limited number of studies focusing on it. To better understand its nature, we have combined several techniques, such as x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, in order to extract a maximum of structural and compositional information. Our results show that the surface quality, microstructure, and chemistry of the samples are strongly affected by the aluminum content, the severity of the defect being the highest at the lowest Al concentration. Not only is the concentration of the defects at the surface strongly reduced when increasing the Al. at.% but the depth of the cavities is also reduced by a factor of 3 when the Al content is increased from 0.09 at.% to 0.59 at.%. Our results provide new information on the nature of this defect, and show that an increase of the aluminum content allows the Cr concentration to be maintained in the range of values required to maintain the passivity of the steel, thus improving the surface quality.