%0 Journal Article 
%A Marrero, Inmaculada
%T Globalization and privatization of International Relations

%D 2025
%@ 2341-0868
%U http://hdl.handle.net/10498/37594
%X This paper analyzes three periods in which the process of globalization has been
strongly contested by civil society, sometimes translated into social movements that have acquired
a transnational dimension and, in a more recent period, by substantial and radical changes in the
governments and foreign policies of a significant number of States. The first of these responses
to be examined is the birth of a movement, beginning in the late 1990s, which denounced the
terrible socio-economic conditions endured by countries on the periphery as those marginalized
by the globalization process (anti-globalization). The second response was born in the wake of the
economic-financial crisis of 2008, which also hit the citizens of Western countries, promoters of
the liberal economic ideology on which the foundations of globalization are based, producing an
individual and collective awareness of the inability of States to correct the failures of the globalizing model and solve global problems (post-globalization). Finally, we will examine the reaction
of certain governments, both in central and peripheral states, which advocate controlling the expansion of liberal internationalism by means of extremist and nationalist ideological formulas in
favor of recovering national sovereignty, control of economies and free foreign policies through
disconnectivity (deglobalization).

%K Globalization
%K sovereignty
%K anti-globalization
%K post-globalization
%K deglobalization
%K globalización
%K soberanía
%~ Universidad de Cádiz