http://hdl.handle.net/10498/6622 2026-11-06T01:21:02Z http://hdl.handle.net/10498/40141 Key emerging contaminants and their implications for water quality: A critical review of occurrence, regulation, and treatment performance Rodríguez Barroso, María del Rocío; Arteaga Naranjo, Miguel Oswaldo; Arellano López, Juana María; Albendín García, María Gemma; Coello Oviedo, María Dolores; Egea-Corbacho Lopera, Agata Emerging contaminants (ECs) have gained increasing scientific and societal attention in recent decades due to their environmental persistence, potential toxicity, and limited regulatory control. This review synthesizes current knowledge on their occurrence in aquatic systems, the evolving legislative framework, and the effectiveness of available removal technologies. Unlike previous papers that typically isolate specific pollutant classes, the novelty of this review lies in providing a unified framework that simultaneously integrates the environmental occurrence, regulatory evolution, and treatment performance of seven representative substances (diclofenac, azithromycin, 17β-estradiol, bisphenol-A, glyphosate, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam). Analysis of 92 scientific publications and regulatory documents revealed a marked rise in research activity between 2012 and 2025 confirming alarming concentrations across aquatic systems. A critical challenge identified is the widespread absence of binding concentration limits despite recent legislative progress (e.g., Directive (EU) 2024/3019), which severely hinders effective risk management. Another major challenge is the persistent failure of conventional wastewater treatments, coupled with significant knowledge gaps regarding full-scale removal of specific compounds like glyphosate. Spain's Royal Decree 1085/2024 requires monitoring of emerging contaminants in reclaimed water, but it does not establish binding concentration limits for many substances. High levels of these contaminants have been reported in surface water, wastewater, and groundwater. Twenty‑two removal technologies were identified, with multibarrier systems, ozonation combined with activated carbon, membrane bioreactors, and biochar adsorption achieving the highest efficiencies (typically >80%, and in some cases >90%). Conversely, conventional treatments such as activated sludge showed limited performance, and a significant knowledge gap regarding glyphosate removal under full-scale conditions and standardized monitoring frameworks. Ultimately, this review concludes that mitigating the threat of ECs will require the progressive adoption of quaternary treatments, supported by the development of harmonized and legally binding environmental thresholds. 2026-06-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10498/39397 Enhancing Police Training Through Biomechanical Analysis and Wearable Technology ‑ OTP Vera Jiménez, José Carlos; Vera Jurado, José Carlos; Ayuso Vilacides, Jesús Background: In line with the instruction of the Secretary of State of Spain 1/2024, police officers must ensure security during arrests and promote minimal harm, this investigation combines the rapid entire body assessment (REBA) and Marras methods, emphasizing the need to realistic training. Research Method: The study uses Rokoko Smartsuit Pro and Biomechanics of Bodies software to analyze possible injuries to police officers during use of force training. REBA identifies ergonomic risks, while Marras evaluates the probability of high risk. Basic technique number 1 of the Operational Tactical Procedures (OTP) was carried out by 11 police officers. Results: The study analyzes, from the point of view of occupational risks, the training of police forces, in particular Basic Technique 1 in OTP, using the REBA and Marras methods. The maximum REBA scores indicate medium to high-risk levels, without reaching the maximum risk level, revealing that basic technique 1 is a well-designed intervention technique to reduce physical risks. The study integrates the results of REBA and Marras, presenting statistical regions of membership for three training level groups: expert, intermediate, and novice. Conclusions: The conclusions of this study highlight the benefits of using the basic technique 1 of OTP to prevent risks of injury in police physical interventions. 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10498/39183 Police Ergonomic Parameters as a Method to Evaluate the Training at Cadiz Public Security School on the Use of Police Force of Candidates to Become Local Police Officers in Andalucía Vera Jiménez, José Carlos; Villero-Carro, Domingo; González Herrera, Lucas; Pastor Fernández, Andrés; Vera Jurado, José Carlos; Álvarez Saura, José Ángel; Ayuso Vilacides, Jesús Because of the numerous debates about the training on the use of force provided to police officers, this study intends to evaluate several parameters (police ergonomic parameters, PEP) in connection with such training. Research Method: A smartsuit equipped with a set of 19 wireless sensors, including triaxial accelerometers, inertial measurement units, gyroscopes, and geomagnetic sensors, was used. Biomechanics of Body software application was used to evaluate the risks associated with the basic technique number 1 of the operational‑tactical procedures (OTP) with regard to the established parameters (PEP). The OTP basic technique number 1 was performed by four novice police officers. Results: According to the evaluation of a number of specific parameters such as rapid entire body assessment, asymmetry over the sagittal plane, compression force at the L5‑S1 junction, and shear force at the L5‑S1 junction, it was observed that the measured values clearly varied depending on each individual’s performance, although they remained consistent with the values established by PEP and were significantly different from the values measured when a police officer used a traditional physical intervention procedure, in which case, the values measured were indicative of higher risks. Conclusions: To achieve lower and more uniform values in terms of risk, we believe that it is necessary to employ a greater number of hours for the training of police officers on the use of force and also the convenience of conducting further studies on a larger and more representative sample of officers 2025-09-30T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10498/38831 Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) expression in the amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Fernández-Montesinos, Rafael; Torres, Manuel; Baglietto-Vargas, David; Gutierrez, Antonia; Gozes, Illana; Vitorica, Javier; Pozo, David A major determinant in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the deposition of beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptides in specific areas of the central nervous system. Therefore, animal models of Alzheimer amyloidosis are excellent tools to identify candidates to facilitate drug screening and to understand the molecular pathology of AD. Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) plays an essential role in brain development, and NAP (NAPVSIPQ, generic name: davunetide)--a peptide derived from ADNP--is currently in clinical development for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. However, the link between ADNP expression and AD remains unexplored. To test whether ADNP is affected by the onset of AD and progression, we employed the PS1xAPP mouse model (PS1(M146L) x APP(751SL) transgenic mice) to analyze the mRNA expression of ADNP in the hippocampus and cerebellum in early and advanced stages of disease. Results showed that ADNP expression in 6-month-old PS1xAPP mice hippocampus was higher than in wild-type (WT) mice. ADNP was originally identified as a vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-responsive gene taking part in the VIP-mediated neurotrophic pathway. Interestingly, the expression of VIP was not affected in the same experimental setting, suggesting that ADNP expression is a VIP-independent marker associated with AD. Moreover, in the cerebellum, a brain area not affected by Abeta deposition, ADNP mRNA expression in 6-month-old PS1xAPP and WT were not different. A similar extent of hippocampal ADNP expression was observed in 18-month-old WT and PS1xAPP mice, in contrast to the differential expression level at 6 months of age. However, hippocampal ADNP expression in both WT and PS1xAPP was increased with aging similar to VIP mRNA expression. Our findings support the hypothesis that ADNP expression is related to early or mild AD progression by a VIP-independent mechanism.; Un determinante principal en la patogénesis de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es el depósito de péptidos beta-amiloide (Aβ) en áreas específicas del sistema nervioso central. Por ello, los modelos animales de amiloidosis tipo Alzheimer son herramientas excelentes para identificar candidatos que faciliten el cribado de fármacos y para comprender la patología molecular de la EA. La proteína neuroprotectora dependiente de la actividad (ADNP) desempeña un papel esencial en el desarrollo cerebral, y NAP (NAPVSIPQ, nombre genérico: davunetida) —un péptido derivado de ADNP— se encuentra actualmente en desarrollo clínico para el tratamiento de trastornos neurodegenerativos. Sin embargo, la relación entre la expresión de ADNP y la EA permanece sin explorar. Para evaluar si la ADNP se ve afectada por el inicio y la progresión de la EA, utilizamos el modelo murino PS1xAPP (ratones transgénicos PS1(M146L) x APP(751SL)) para analizar la expresión del ARNm de ADNP en el hipocampo y el cerebelo en fases tempranas y avanzadas de la enfermedad. Los resultados mostraron que la expresión de ADNP en el hipocampo de ratones PS1xAPP de 6 meses de edad era mayor que en ratones de tipo salvaje (WT). ADNP fue identificada originalmente como un gen sensible al péptido intestinal vasoactivo (VIP) que participa en la vía neurotrófica mediada por VIP. De forma interesante, la expresión de VIP no se vio afectada en el mismo contexto experimental, lo que sugiere que la expresión de ADNP es un marcador independiente de VIP asociado a la EA. Además, en el cerebelo, un área cerebral no afectada por el depósito de Aβ, la expresión del ARNm de ADNP en ratones PS1xAPP y WT de 6 meses no mostró diferencias. Se observó un nivel similar de expresión hipocampal de ADNP en ratones WT y PS1xAPP de 18 meses, en contraste con la expresión diferencial observada a los 6 meses de edad. Sin embargo, la expresión hipocampal de ADNP en ambos grupos, WT y PS1xAPP, aumentó con la edad de manera similar a la expresión del ARNm de VIP. Nuestros hallazgos respaldan la hipótesis de que la expresión de ADNP está relacionada con las fases tempranas o leves de la progresión de la EA mediante un mecanismo independiente de VIP. 2009-10-21T00:00:00Z