http://hdl.handle.net/10498/33981 Sat, 09 May 2026 22:19:40 GMT 2026-05-09T22:19:40Z http://hdl.handle.net/10498/37582 Microgrid Cluster Energy Management with a PLC Carrasco González, David; Sarrias Mena, Raúl; Horrillo Quintero, Pablo; Llorens Iborra, Francisco; De la Cruz Loredo, Iván; Ugalde-Loo, Carlos Ernesto; Fernández Ramírez, Luis Miguel Microgrid clusters (MGCs) provide an opportunity for system operators to enhance efficiency, resilience, and reliability of energy systems. MGCs can combine direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) technologies by integrating different power generation, consumption and storage technologies, thus offering flexibility and resilience to individual microgrids (MGs). However, verification of practical control systems for MGCs is required to ensure robustness and efficiency of the power dispatch. This work contributes to this effort by presenting, implementing and verifying a control system for an MGC. This MGC comprises separate DC and AC MGs interconnected to a local grid: the DC MG incorporates DC loads, a wind turbine, a fuel cell, an electrolyzer, and an ultracapacitor; and the AC MG comprises AC loads, an electrical battery bank, and a photovoltaic power plant. The control system uses a dynamic centralized energy management system (EMS) that coordinates power dispatch and energy distribution between all energy storage systems and local device controllers. The control system, specifically the EMS, is evaluated across different operating scenarios in an experimental validation environment composed of an OPAL-RT unit and a SIMATIC ET 200SP Open Controller PLC. The results show that the implemented EMS exhibits robust real-time behavior across different operating scenarios. Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10498/37582 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10498/37581 Optimal Hierarchical Energy Management System for a Three-Bus Microgrid Cluster Configuration Carrasco González, David; Hosseini, Ehsan; Sarrias Mena, Raúl; Horrillo Quintero, Pablo; García Triviño, Pablo; Fernández Ramírez, Luis Miguel The considerable research interest in microgrid clusters (MGCs) is owing to their ability to integrate diverse alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) technologies for consumption, generation and storage, along with their inherent benefits in enhancing the reliability, efficiency, and resilience of energy systems. In this sense, this work presents a novel dynamic control for a grid-connected MGC, which includes an IEEE three-bus system interconnected with one DC microgrid (MG) (composed of a wind turbine, an ultracapacitor, electrical loads, a fuel cell, and an electrolyzer) and two AC MGs (composed each one of photovoltaic generators, electrical loads, and an electrical battery). The novel dynamic control consists of local controllers for each technology of the MGC and a dynamic hierarchical energy management system that coordinates an optimal power dispatch with the objective of optimizing the power losses in the transmission lines within the MGC. To evaluate the dynamic control, the system is studied under variations in the solar radiation, wind speed, and dynamic electrical loads. The dynamic control and the system exhibit robust behavior across the different simulation scenarios implemented. Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10498/37581 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10498/37580 Dynamic Energy Management System for Optimal Energy Dispatch in a Microgrid Cluster Carrasco González, David; Sarrias Mena, Raúl; Horrillo Quintero, Pablo; Llorens Iborra, Francisco; De la Cruz Loredo, Iván; Ugalde-Loo, Carlos Ernesto; Fernández Ramírez, Luis Miguel Microgrid clusters (MGCs) have the ability to enhance energy efficiency, resilience, and reliability of individual microgrids (MGs). By integrating different power generation, consumption, and storage technologies, MGCs can combine direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) technologies, thus offering flexibility to MGs. However, suitable control systems for MGCs are required to manage their operation, ensuring robustness and efficiency of the power dispatch. This work contributes to this effort by presenting and implementing a novel control approach for an MGC. The MGC consists of DC and AC MGs connected to a local electricity grid. The DC MG integrates a wind turbine, fuel cell, an electrolyzer, an ultracapacitor, and DC loads. In contrast, the AC MG integrates an electric battery bank, a photovoltaic generator and AC loads. The control system uses local controllers for each device in the cluster and a dynamic centralized energy management system to coordinate optimally energy dispatch and distribution among all energy storage systems. To assess the control approach, fluctuating incident solar radiation and winds speed, and dynamic loads conditions are introduced in the system. The control system demonstrates robust behavior across the different simulation scenarios. Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10498/37580 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10498/37579 Hierarchical Control for Isolated Microgrid Clusters Under Renewable Variability Horrillo Quintero, Pablo; García Triviño, Pablo; Carrasco González, David; Sarrias Mena, Raúl; García Vázquez, Carlos Andrés; Fernández Ramírez, Luis Miguel This paper presents a novel hierarchical control foramicrogridcluster (MGC) operating in islanded mode,integrating renewable energy technologies (RETs), energystorage systems (ESSs), and variable demands. The controlstrategy dynamically manages power distribution by introducingthe real-time available power concept, enabling proportionalallocation of power among microgrids (MGs) based on theiroperational capacity.The proposed configuration includes MGswith grid-forming (GFM) inverters for voltage and frequencycontrol andMGs with grid-following(GFL)inverter for powercontrol.Unlike conventional methods that oversimplify thedynamics of RETs and ESSs, this approach ensures adaptive andreliable power sharing while addressing the challenges ofintermittency and demand variability.Time-domain simulationsacross various operating scenarios validate the effectiveness ofthe proposed strategy, demonstrating its ability to maintain stablevoltage and frequency in isolated MGCs. The results confirm therobustness and adaptability of theproposedhierarchical controlframework, making it a viable solution for improving operationalreliability and resilience in high-RETspenetration systems. Thisinnovative approach advances the state of the art by providing adynamic solution to manage the complexities of islanded MGCoperations. Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10498/37579 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z