http://hdl.handle.net/10498/6618 Thu, 05 Nov 2026 23:41:00 GMT 2026-11-05T23:41:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10498/40343 Evaluación biomecánica clínica y forense de lesiones lumbares mediante sistemas inerciales y ópticos: modelos predictivos y protocolos de intervención basados en medicina legal y forense Vera Jiménez, José Carlos La tesis analiza, desde la biomecánica clínica y la medicina legal y forense, las cargas que soporta la columna lumbar (L1-L2 a L5-S1) durante la ejecución de una técnica de intervención física policial, con el objetivo de desarrollar estrategias de prevención de lesiones basadas en datos cinemáticos y proponer recomendaciones para la formación y la práctica operativa. Se registró la ejecución de la Técnica Básica 1 de la Operativa Táctica Policial (OTP) por 40 agentes de policía mediante un sistema de captura de movimiento inercial de 19 sensores inalámbricos (Rokoko Smartsuit Pro), y se estimaron las fuerzas articulares de compresión y de cizallamiento con el software Biomechanics of Bodies (BoB). Los resultados se contrastaron con los límites de referencia (NIOSH, 3400 N en compresión; 1000 N en cizallamiento) y se aplicaron análisis de correlación, análisis discriminante lineal y análisis de conglomerados. El 77,5 % de la muestra se mantuvo por debajo del límite preventivo de compresión y ningún agente alcanzó el umbral de fractura (4500 N); el 100 % registró fuerzas de cizallamiento inferiores a 1000 N. Las cargas no se correlacionaron con la altura, el peso ni el IMC, y fueron homogéneas por sexo y por nivel de actividad física. El segmento L4-L5 soportó la mayor carga media y L5-S1 mostró la mayor variabilidad en cizallamiento. Se concluye que la destreza técnica, y no las características físicas del agente, determina el estrés biomecánico lumbar, lo que respalda la técnica OTP como procedimiento seguro y orienta los protocolos de formación y de valoración pericial del daño.; This thesis analyses, from the perspective of clinical biomechanics and legal and forensic medicine, the loads borne by the lumbar spine (L1-L2 to L5-S1) during a police physical intervention technique, with the aim of developing injury-prevention strategies based on kinematic data and proposing recommendations for training and operational practice. Forty police officers performed Basic Technique 1 of the Operational Tactical Procedures (OTP) while wearing a 19-sensor wireless inertial motion capture system (Rokoko Smartsuit Pro), and joint compression and shear forces were estimated with Biomechanics of Bodies (BoB). Results were compared with reference limits (NIOSH, 3400 N compression; 1000 N shear), and correlation, linear discriminant and cluster analyses were applied. 77.5% of the sample remained below the preventive compression limit and no officer reached the fracture threshold (4500 N); 100% recorded shear forces below 1000 N. Loads were not correlated with height, weight or BMI and were homogeneous across sex and physical activity level. L4-L5 bore the highest mean load, while L5-S1 showed the greatest shear variability. Technical skill, rather than the officer’s physical characteristics, determines lumbar biomechanical stress, supporting OTP as a safe procedure and informing training and forensic injury-assessment protocols. Tesis doctoral. Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Cádiz. Director: Dr. D. Joaquín Gamero Lucas. Texto completo publicado también como libro. Mon, 01 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10498/40343 2026-06-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10498/40141 Key emerging contaminants and their implications for water quality: A critical review of occurrence, regulation, and treatment performance Rodríguez Barroso, María del Rocío; Arteaga Naranjo, Miguel Oswaldo; Arellano López, Juana María; Albendín García, María Gemma; Coello Oviedo, María Dolores; Egea-Corbacho Lopera, Agata Emerging contaminants (ECs) have gained increasing scientific and societal attention in recent decades due to their environmental persistence, potential toxicity, and limited regulatory control. This review synthesizes current knowledge on their occurrence in aquatic systems, the evolving legislative framework, and the effectiveness of available removal technologies. Unlike previous papers that typically isolate specific pollutant classes, the novelty of this review lies in providing a unified framework that simultaneously integrates the environmental occurrence, regulatory evolution, and treatment performance of seven representative substances (diclofenac, azithromycin, 17β-estradiol, bisphenol-A, glyphosate, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam). Analysis of 92 scientific publications and regulatory documents revealed a marked rise in research activity between 2012 and 2025 confirming alarming concentrations across aquatic systems. A critical challenge identified is the widespread absence of binding concentration limits despite recent legislative progress (e.g., Directive (EU) 2024/3019), which severely hinders effective risk management. Another major challenge is the persistent failure of conventional wastewater treatments, coupled with significant knowledge gaps regarding full-scale removal of specific compounds like glyphosate. Spain's Royal Decree 1085/2024 requires monitoring of emerging contaminants in reclaimed water, but it does not establish binding concentration limits for many substances. High levels of these contaminants have been reported in surface water, wastewater, and groundwater. Twenty‑two removal technologies were identified, with multibarrier systems, ozonation combined with activated carbon, membrane bioreactors, and biochar adsorption achieving the highest efficiencies (typically >80%, and in some cases >90%). Conversely, conventional treatments such as activated sludge showed limited performance, and a significant knowledge gap regarding glyphosate removal under full-scale conditions and standardized monitoring frameworks. Ultimately, this review concludes that mitigating the threat of ECs will require the progressive adoption of quaternary treatments, supported by the development of harmonized and legally binding environmental thresholds. Mon, 01 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10498/40141 2026-06-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10498/39397 Enhancing Police Training Through Biomechanical Analysis and Wearable Technology ‑ OTP Vera Jiménez, José Carlos; Vera Jurado, José Carlos; Ayuso Vilacides, Jesús Background: In line with the instruction of the Secretary of State of Spain 1/2024, police officers must ensure security during arrests and promote minimal harm, this investigation combines the rapid entire body assessment (REBA) and Marras methods, emphasizing the need to realistic training. Research Method: The study uses Rokoko Smartsuit Pro and Biomechanics of Bodies software to analyze possible injuries to police officers during use of force training. REBA identifies ergonomic risks, while Marras evaluates the probability of high risk. Basic technique number 1 of the Operational Tactical Procedures (OTP) was carried out by 11 police officers. Results: The study analyzes, from the point of view of occupational risks, the training of police forces, in particular Basic Technique 1 in OTP, using the REBA and Marras methods. The maximum REBA scores indicate medium to high-risk levels, without reaching the maximum risk level, revealing that basic technique 1 is a well-designed intervention technique to reduce physical risks. The study integrates the results of REBA and Marras, presenting statistical regions of membership for three training level groups: expert, intermediate, and novice. Conclusions: The conclusions of this study highlight the benefits of using the basic technique 1 of OTP to prevent risks of injury in police physical interventions. Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10498/39397 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10498/39183 Police Ergonomic Parameters as a Method to Evaluate the Training at Cadiz Public Security School on the Use of Police Force of Candidates to Become Local Police Officers in Andalucía Vera Jiménez, José Carlos; Villero-Carro, Domingo; González Herrera, Lucas; Pastor Fernández, Andrés; Vera Jurado, José Carlos; Álvarez Saura, José Ángel; Ayuso Vilacides, Jesús Because of the numerous debates about the training on the use of force provided to police officers, this study intends to evaluate several parameters (police ergonomic parameters, PEP) in connection with such training. Research Method: A smartsuit equipped with a set of 19 wireless sensors, including triaxial accelerometers, inertial measurement units, gyroscopes, and geomagnetic sensors, was used. Biomechanics of Body software application was used to evaluate the risks associated with the basic technique number 1 of the operational‑tactical procedures (OTP) with regard to the established parameters (PEP). The OTP basic technique number 1 was performed by four novice police officers. Results: According to the evaluation of a number of specific parameters such as rapid entire body assessment, asymmetry over the sagittal plane, compression force at the L5‑S1 junction, and shear force at the L5‑S1 junction, it was observed that the measured values clearly varied depending on each individual’s performance, although they remained consistent with the values established by PEP and were significantly different from the values measured when a police officer used a traditional physical intervention procedure, in which case, the values measured were indicative of higher risks. Conclusions: To achieve lower and more uniform values in terms of risk, we believe that it is necessary to employ a greater number of hours for the training of police officers on the use of force and also the convenience of conducting further studies on a larger and more representative sample of officers Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10498/39183 2025-09-30T00:00:00Z