Articulos Científicos Anat. Emb.

Dynamic cytokine profiles across the progression of Type 1 diabetes mellitus are associated with diabetic retinopathy development

Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT

Dynamic cytokine profiles across the progression of Type 1 diabetes mellitus are associated with diabetic retinopathy development Martín Loro, Francisco; Cano Cano, Fátima; Lara Barea, Almudena; Gómez Jaramillo, María Laura; González Montelongo, María del Carmen; Roca Rodríguez, María del Mar; López Tinoco, Cristina; Álvarez Ramos, Pablo; Jiménez-Gómez, Gema; Campos Caro, Antonio; Aguilar Diosdado, Manuel; Arroba Espinosa, Ana Isabel El estudio analizó 48 citocinas circulantes y alteraciones retinianas mediante OCT y OCTA en 74 pacientes con DM1 de distinta duración y 23 controles sanos. En las fases iniciales de la DM1 se observaron niveles elevados de citocinas proinflamatorias, especialmente IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-2Rα e IL-8. Algunas de estas alteraciones persistieron en fases posteriores y se asociaron con adelgazamiento retiniano, aumento de la zona avascular foveal y neovascularización. Los resultados sugieren que determinados perfiles de citocinas podrían actuar como biomarcadores precoces de retinopatía diabética y contribuir a su prevención y seguimiento.; Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation that contributes to diabetic complications such as diabetic retinopathy (DR). This cross-sectional observational study aimed to characterize circulating cytokine profiles across different stages of T1DM and assess their association with early retinal alterations. 74 individuals with T1DM were categorized according to disease duration: <3 months (A), ≥ 3 months to ≤ 1 year (B), ≥ 1 to < 5 years (C) ≥ 5 years (D). 23 subjects were included as healthy controls (H). 48 serum cytokines were quantified using a standardized human cytokine assay. Retinal morphology and vascular parameters were assessed through OCT and OCTA images. Early-staged patients (A) showed elevated concentrations of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL2-Ra and IL-8, compared to controls (H). IL-8 remained increased in group C, alongside with higher Eotaxin, IL-12(p70) and IL-17 and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and LIF. Retinal thinning and enlarged foveal avascular and neovascularization areas correlated with these cytokine patterns. Distinct inflammatory cytokine profiles characterize T1DM progression and correlate with early events-associated to DR indicators, supporting their potential as immunological biomarkers and aiding in the prevention and management of T1DM and its specific complications such as DR.

Interference of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Early Diagnosis of Sepsis: Clinical Challenges and Biomarkers

Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT

Interference of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Early Diagnosis of Sepsis: Clinical Challenges and Biomarkers Contreras-Virues, Mario Raul; Vera Jiménez, José Carlos; Brea-Salvago, Juan Francisco; Moreno Corbacho, Ignacio; García Ortiz, José Carlos; Díaz Gómez, Alfredo Luis; Ribelles García, Antonio; Pérez Arana, Gonzalo Martín Background/Objectives: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) substantially increases the risk of infection and sepsis while modifying host immune responses, clinical presenta-tion, and biomarker performance. This review summarizes the pathophysiological mechanisms by which T2DM interferes with the early recognition of sepsis and criti-cally evaluates the performance of conventional and emerging biomarkers in this spe-cific population. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Original studies, systematic reviews, me-ta-analyses, international guidelines, and landmark publications addressing the inter-action between T2DM, sepsis, immune dysfunction, and sepsis biomarkers were criti-cally analyzed. Results: Chronic hyperglycemia induces immune dysregulation, endo-thelial dysfunction, and persistent low-grade inflammation, resulting in atypical infec-tion presentations and reduced sensitivity of conventional clinical assessment tools. Baseline elevations and altered kinetics of C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, interleu-kin-6, and other inflammatory biomarkers may reduce their diagnostic specificity. Lactate retains prognostic value but should be interpreted cautiously in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis or other metabolic disturbances. Emerging biomarkers, including presepsin, pro-adrenomedullin, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, cell-free DNA, and 16S rRNA, show promising diagnostic potential, although evidence in diabetic populations remains limited. Conclusions: T2DM represents a distinct clin-ical phenotype in sepsis that requires individualized interpretation of biomarkers. Multimarker strategies integrating clinical, metabolic, and laboratory data may im-prove early sepsis recognition, but prospective validation studies in diabetic popula-tions are still needed.

Exploring the influence of the glycone space on the therapeutic potential of sp2-iminoglycolipids

Thu, 06 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMT

Exploring the influence of the glycone space on the therapeutic potential of sp2-iminoglycolipids Padilla Pérez, M. Carmen; Rodríguez Marín, Rocío; González Bakker, Aday; Khan, Adam N.; Bastardo Torío, Mariana; Padrón, José M.; Martín Loro, Francisco; Arroba Espinosa, Ana Isabel; García-Hernández, Raquel; Pérez Victoria, José M.; García-Fernández, José M.; Sánchez-Fernández, Elena M.; Ortiz Mellet, Carmen Extensive structure-activity relationship studies performed on sp 2-iminoglycolipids revealed the fundamental role played by a linear dodecylsulfide/sulfonyl aglycone chain on the anticancer, antiparasitic and immunomodulatory activities. However, the influence of structural modifications within the glycone region on the therapeutic performance remains largely underexplored. To address this gap, we have designed and stereoselectively synthesized a novel series of sp 2-iminoglycolipids incorporating targeted modifications to the glycomimetic unit. These include C2 deoxygenation, bioisosteric replacement of the hydroxyl group with fluorine, and selective installation of aromatic hydrocarbons at the O3 position. Among the synthesized compounds, the f luorinated derivative (1R)-2-deoxy-1-S-dodecyl-2-fluoro-3-O-(p-fluorobenzyl)-5N,6O-oxomethylidene-1-sulfonylnojirimycin emerged as a promising multi-target candidate. Live-cell imaging in human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells revealed phenotypic markers characteristic of apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, clonogenic assays showed a significant, concentration-dependent reduction in the formation of cancer cell colonies, indicating impairment of tumor cell reproductive viability. Altogether, these data support a potent antiproliferative activity. This compound also exhibited strong antiparasitic activity, effectively inhibiting the growth of Leishmania donovani amastigotes at low micromolar concentrations. Additionally, it showed notable anti-inflammatory properties in microglial cells by downregulating the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway following inf lammatory stimulation, as evidenced by reduced caspase-1 activation and suppressed IL-1β release.

Biocomposite-Based Biomimetic Plate for Alternative Fixation of Proximal Humerus Fractures

Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT

Biocomposite-Based Biomimetic Plate for Alternative Fixation of Proximal Humerus Fractures Suffo Pino, Miguel; Fernández-Illescas, Irene; Simonet Morales, Ana María; Pérez Muñoz, Celia; Andrés Cano, Pablo Proximal humerus fractures are frequent injuries that often require internal fixation. Conventional metallic plates, however, present significant drawbacks such as corrosion, secondary removal surgeries, and adverse reactions in patients with metal hypersensitivity. This study evaluates biocomposite plates fabricated from polylactic acid (PLA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), reinforced with hydroxyapatite (HA) derived from sugar industry by-products (BCF) at 10% and 20% concentrations. These composites are compatible with both injection molding and 3D printing, enabling the design of patient-specific implants. Characterization by SEM, FTIR, XRD, and DSC confirmed that BCF incorporation enhances strength, stiffness, osteoconductivity, and biocompatibility. Mechanical testing showed that PVA/BCF exhibited greater tensile strength and stiffness, suggesting suitability for load-bearing applications, though their water solubility restricts use in humid environments and prevents filament-based 3D printing. PLA/BCF composites demonstrated better processability, favorable mechanical performance, and compatibility with both manufacturing routes. Finite element analysis highlighted the importance of plate–humerus contact in stress distribution and fixation stability. Compared with non-biodegradable thermoplastics such as PEI and PEEK, PLA/BCF and PVA/BCF offer the additional advantage of controlled biodegradation, reducing the need for secondary surgeries. Cell viability assays confirmed cytocompatibility, with optimal outcomes at 10% BCF in PVA and 20% in PLA. These results position PLA/BCF and PVA/BCF as sustainable, patienttailored alternatives to metallic implants, combining adequate mechanical support with bone regeneration potential.