Estimating nest-switching in free-ranging wild birds: an assessment of the most common methodologies, illustrated in the White Stork (Ciconia ciconia)

Abstract

Reliable estimates of nest-switching are required to study avian mating systems and manage wild populations, yet different estimation methods have rarely been integrated or assessed. Through a literature review and case study, we reveal that three common methods for assessing nest-switching blend different components, producing a wide range of estimates. Careful component definition and reporting are essential to properly estimate this behaviour.