A general family of multi-peakon equations and their properties

Abstract

A general family of peakon equations is introduced, involving two arbitrary functions of the wave amplitude and the wave gradient. This family contains all of the known breaking wave equations, including the integrable ones: Camassa–Holm equation, Degasperis–Procesi equation, Novikov equation, and FORQ/modified Camassa–Holm equation. One main result is to show that all of the equations in the general family possess weak solutions given by multi-peakons which are a linear superposition of peakons with timedependent amplitudes and positions. In particular, neither an integrability structure nor a Hamiltonian structure is needed to derive N-peakon weak solutions for arbitrary N > 1. As a further result, single peakon travellingwave solutions are shown to exist under a simple condition on one of the two arbitrary functions in the general family of equations, and when this condition fails, generalized single peakon solutions that have a time-dependent amplitude and a time-dependent speed are shown to exist. An interesting generalization of the Camassa–Holm and FORQ/modified Camassa–Holm equations is obtained by deriving the most general subfamily of peakon equations that possess the Hamiltonian structure shared by the Camassa–Holm and FORQ/ modified Camassa–Holm equations. Peakon travelling-wave solutions and their features, including a variational formulation (minimizer problem), are derived for these generalized equations. A final main result is that two-peakon weak solutions are investigated and shown to exhibit several novel kinds of behaviour, including the formation of a bound pair consisting of a peakon and an anti-peakon that have a maximum finite separation.