Photolysis of antibiotics under simulated sunlight irradiation: identification of photoproducts by high resolution mass spectrometry

Abstract

There is growing concern regarding the widespread use of antibiotics and their presence in the aqueous environment. Their removal in the water column is mediated by different types of degradation processes for which the mechanisms are still unclear. This research is focused on characterizing the photodegradation kinetics and pathways of two largely employed antibiotics families: sulfonamides (9 SDs) and fluoroquinolones (6 FQs). Degradation percentages and rates were measured in pure water exposed to simulated natural sunlight at a constant irradiance value (500 W m–2) during all the experiments, and the main photoproducts formed were characterized through accurate mass measurement using ultraperformance liquid chromatography–quadrupole-time-of-flight–mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-MS). Over 200 different phototransformation products were identified for SDs and FQs, 66% of them, to the best of our knowledge, have not been described before. Their sequential formation and disappearance over the course of the experiments reveals the existence of several pathways for the degradation of target antibiotics. Occurrence of new photoproducts derived from desulfonation and/or denitrification, as well as hydroxylation of photo-oxidized heterocyclic rings, have been identified during photodegradation of SDs, whereas a new pathway yielding oxidation of the benzene ring after the cleavage of the piperazine ring (e.g., CIP product with m/z 280) is described for FQs.