RT journal article
T1 Heavy Metal Extraction under Environmentally Relevant Conditions Using 3-Hydroxy-2-Naphthoate- Based Ionic Liquids: Extraction Capabilities vs. Acute Algal Toxicity
A1 Pirkwieser, Philip
A1 López López, José Antonio
A1 Schagerl, Michael
A1 Kandioller, Wolfgang
A1 Keppler, Bernhard K.
A1 Moreno Aguilar, Carlos
A1 Jirsa, Franz
A2 Química Analítica
K1 task-specific ionic liquids
K1 heavy metal extraction
K1 algal toxicity
K1 growth inhibition
K1 chlorophyll fluorescence
AB We investigated the applicability of three task-specific ionic liquids (ILs) as heavy metal extracting agents by contrasting extraction capabilities with algal toxicity. The compounds tested were trihexyltetradecylphosphonium-, methyltrioctylphosphonium- and methyltrioctylammonium 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoates. Experiments were performed to assess if these ILs can provide environmentally safe residual concentrations of the target metals after extraction. Both pure water and natural mineral water samples were spiked with 20 mu g L-1 of Cu, Ag, Cd, Hg and Pb, respectively. Quantitative extraction (> 99%) of Hg and Ag was achieved. Cu and Hg were below the respective no-observed-effect-concentrations (NOECs) after extraction and Ag below 0.03 mu g L-1. Acute toxicity assays were conducted using two freshwater green algae Raphidocelis subcapitata and Tetradesmus obliquus. Growth inhibition and maximum photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II after 72 h were assessed. ILs were less toxic than similar compounds, but still must be classified as acute toxicants for algae. An inhibiting effect on both growth and chlorophyll fluorescence was observed. The leaching of the ILs into the samples remains a limitation regarding their environmental-friendly applicability. Nonetheless, the extremely efficient removal of Cu, Ag and Hg under environmentally relevant conditions calls for further research, which should focus on the immobilization of the ILs.
PB MDPI
SN 2076-3417
YR 2020
FD 2020-05
LK http://hdl.handle.net/10498/23258
UL http://hdl.handle.net/10498/23258
LA eng
DS Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Cádiz
RD 13-nov-2026