RT journal article
T1 Vision Development Differences between Slow and Fast Motor Development in Typical Developing Toddlers: A Cross-Sectional Study
A1 Pinero-Pinto, Elena
A1 Pérez Cabezas, Verónica
A1 De-Hita-Cantalejo, Concepción
A1 Ruiz Molinero, María del Carmen
A1 Gutiérrez-Sánchez, Estanislao
A1 Jiménez-Rejano, José-Jesús
A1 Sánchez-González, José-María
A1 Sánchez-González, María Carmen
A2 Enfermería y Fisioterapia
K1 child development
K1 motor skills
K1 vision disorders
K1 evaluation
K1 physical therapy
K1 optometry
AB Many studies have established a relationship between visual function and motor development in toddlers. This is the first report to study two-year-olds via an assessment of their visual and motor skills. The purpose of this study is to describe the possible changes that can occur between visual and motor systems in typical developing toddlers. A total of 116 toddlers were included in this observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study. Their mean age was 29.57 +/- 3.45 months. Motor development variables studied were dominant hand/foot; stationary, locomotion, object manipulation, grasping, visual motor integration percentiles; gross motor, fine motor, and total motor percentiles; and gross motor, fine motor, and total motor quotients. Visual development variables were assessed including visual acuity, refractive error, ocular alignment, motor fusion and suppression, ocular motility, and stereopsis. Our findings demonstrated that typical developing toddlers with slow gross motor development had higher exophoria and further near point of convergence values compared to toddlers with fast gross motor development (p < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found in visual acuity and stereopsis between slow and fast gross motor development toddlers.
PB MDPI
SN 1660-4601
YR 2020
FD 2020-05
LK http://hdl.handle.net/10498/23462
UL http://hdl.handle.net/10498/23462
LA eng
DS Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Cádiz
RD 21-sep-2026