RT journal article
T1 Effects and Risk Assessment of the Polycyclic Musk Compounds Galaxolide (R) and Tonalide (R) on Marine Microalgae, Invertebrates, and Fish
A1 Ehiguese, Friday Ojie
A1 González Delgado, María Judit
A1 Garrido Pérez, Carmen
A1 Araújo, Cristiano V. M.
A1 Martín Díaz, María Laura
A2 Química Física
A2 Tecnologías del Medio Ambiente
K1 environmental risk assessment; polycyclic musk compounds; acute toxicity; growth inhibition; larvae development
K1 environmental risk assessment
K1 polycyclic musk compounds
K1 acute toxicity
K1 growth inhibition
K1 larvae development
AB The current research investigated the potential environmental risk of the polycyclic musk compounds, Galaxolide (R) (HHCB) and Tonalide (R) (AHTN), in the marine environments. These substances are lipophilic, bioaccumulated, and potentially biomagnified in aquatic organisms. To understand the toxicity of HHCB and AHTN, acute toxicity tests were performed by exposing marine microalgae (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Tretraselmis chuii, and Isochrysis galbana), crustaceans (Artemia franciscana), echinoderms (Paracentrotus lividus), bivalves (Mytilus galloprovincialis), fish (Sparus aurata), and a candidate freshwater microalga (Raphidocelis subcapitata) to environmentally relevant concentrations (0.005-5 mu g/L) following standardized protocols (US EPA, Environment Canada and OECD). P. tricornutum and I. galbana were sensitive to both substances and for P. tricornutum exposed to HHCB and AHTN, the IC10 values (the inhibition concentration at which 10% microalgae growth inhibition was observed) were 0.127 and 0.002 mu g/L, respectively, while IC10 values calculated for I. galbana were 5.22 mu g/L (a little higher than the highest concentration) and 0.328 mu g/L, for HHCB and AHTN, respectively. Significant (p < 0.01) concentration dependent responses were measured in P. lividus and M. galloprovincialis larvae developments, as well as S. aurata mortality tested with HHCB. The effect of HHCB on P. lividus larvae development was the most sensitive endpoint recorded, producing an EC50 value (the effect concentration at which 50% effect was observed) of 4.063 mu g/L. Considering the risk quotients both substances seem to represent high environmental risk to P. tricornutum and M. galloprovincialis in marine environments.
PB MDPI
SN 2227-9717
YR 2021
FD 2021-02
LK http://hdl.handle.net/10498/24742
UL http://hdl.handle.net/10498/24742
LA eng
DS Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Cádiz
RD 21-sep-2026