RT journal article T1 Evaluation of the Uncertainty of Surface Temperature Measurements in Photovoltaic Modules in Outdoor Operation A1 García López, María del Carmen A1 Álvarez Tey, Germán A2 Ingeniería Eléctrica K1 PV temperature measurement K1 degradation K1 uncertainty K1 accurate and precision analysis AB Faults in photovoltaic modules in operation can lead to power losses. By determining themodule surface temperature, hot spots that can potentially cause this power loss can be detected.Temperature measurement by radiation allows a complete, reliable, and fast qualitative determinationof hot spots on PV modules in outdoor operation. However, to obtain quantitative values,it is necessary to consider multiple factors: emissivity, reflected radiation, wind speed, intensity,shading, etc. Temperature quantitative measurement evaluation by contact is more studied, althoughby this technique it is impossible to examine the temperature of the entire module to detect hot spotsbecause it is a point measurement and due to shading caused by the measurement probe on thesurface. In this work, a method of temperature measurement by radiation is described, evaluating theuncertainty components, and a comparison is made with temperature measurement by contact onthe module rear side points where module heating has been detected, also evaluating the uncertaintycomponents. This comparison of both methods and uncertainty determination allows establishinga methodology in quantitative temperature measurement by radiation in photovoltaic modules inoutdoor operation. PB MDPI SN 1424-8220 YR 2022 FD 2022-08 LK http://hdl.handle.net/10498/27955 UL http://hdl.handle.net/10498/27955 LA eng DS Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Cádiz RD 10-may-2026