RT journal article T1 Classroom-Situated Willingness to Communicate: Student Teachers of EFL in Spain A1 Estrada Chichón, José Luis A1 Zayas Martínez, Francisco Ramón A1 Sánchez Cabrero, Roberto A2 Didáctica de la Lengua y la Literatura K1 education K1 English teacher education K1 language acquisition K1 student teachers AB This exploratory mixed-methods research involves an intra-/intergroup replication design to analyse the classroom-situated willingness to communicate (WTC) in English foreign language (EFL) student teachers of early childhood education according to grouping, group member familiarity, and EFL proficiency. The novelty lies in the adaptation from face-to-face to virtual teaching while student teachers attended a didactics course at the University of Cádiz (Spain). Results show that there are no significant differences in WTC concerning teaching modality except for grouping. Conclusions imply that classroom-situated WTC is not affected by teaching modality when instruction aims at language acquisition by fostering oral communicative interaction. PB MDPI SN 2174-8144 YR 2023 FD 2023-01-09 LK http://hdl.handle.net/10498/31596 UL http://hdl.handle.net/10498/31596 LA eng DS Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Cádiz RD 10-may-2026