RT journal article
T1 Effectiveness of the Combined Use of a Brain–Machine Interface System and Virtual Reality as a Therapeutic Approach in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review
A1 De Miguel-Rubio, Amaranta
A1 Gallego-Aguayo, Ignacio
A1 De Miguel-Rubio, María Dolores
A1 Arias-Avila, Mariana
A1 Lucena Antón, David Manuel
A1 Alba Rueda, Alvaro
A2 Enfermería y Fisioterapia
K1 brain–computer interfaces
K1 rehabilitation
K1 spinal cord injuries
K1 virtual reality
AB Spinal cord injury has a major impact on both the individual and society. This damage can cause permanent loss of sensorimotor functions, leading to structural and functional changes in somatotopic regions of the spinal cord. The combined use of a brain–machine interface and virtual reality offers a therapeutic alternative to be considered in the treatment of this pathology. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the combined use of virtual reality and the brain–machine interface in the treatment of spinal cord injuries. A search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, PEDro, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, Scopus, and Medline, including articles published from the beginning of each database until January 2023. Articles were selected based on strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool was used to assess the risk of bias and the PEDro scale and SCIRE systems were used to evaluate the methodological quality of the studies. Eleven articles were selected from a total of eighty-two. Statistically significant changes were found in the upper limb, involving improvements in shoulder and upper arm mobility, and weaker muscles were strengthened. In conclusion, most of the articles analyzed used the electroencephalogram as a measurement instrument for the assessment of various parameters, and most studies have shown improvements. Nonetheless, further research is needed with a larger sample size and long-term follow-up to establish conclusive results regarding the effect size of these interventions.
PB MDPI
SN 2227-9032
YR 2023
FD 2023
LK http://hdl.handle.net/10498/32661
UL http://hdl.handle.net/10498/32661
LA eng
DS Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Cádiz
RD 09-nov-2026