RT journal article T1 Seasonal ecosystem metabolism across shallow benthic habitats measured by aquatic eddy covariance. A1 Attard, Karl M. A1 Franco Rodil, Iván A1 Glud, Ronnie A1 Berg, Peter A1 Norkko, Joanna A1 Norkko, Alf A2 Biología AB Shallow benthic habitats are hotspots for carbon cycling and energy flow, but metabolism (primary production and res-piration) dynamics and habitat-specific differences remain poorly understood. We investigated daily, seasonal, andannual metabolism in six key benthic habitats in the Baltic Sea using ~ 2900 h of in situ aquatic eddy covariance oxygenflux measurements. Rocky substrates had the highest metabolism rates. Habitat-specific annual primary productionper m2 was in the order Fucus vesiculosus canopy > Mytilus trossulus reef > Zostera marina canopy > mixed macrophytescanopy > sands, whereas respiration was in the order M. trossulus > F. vesiculosus > Z. marina > mixed macrophytes >sands > aphotic sediments. Winter metabolism contributed 22–31% of annual rates. Spatial upscaling revealed that ben-thic habitats drive > 90% of ecosystem metabolism in waters ≤5 m depth, highlighting their central role in carbon andnutrient cycling in shallow waters PB ASLO SN 2378-2242 YR 2019 FD 2019 LK http://hdl.handle.net/10498/34411 UL http://hdl.handle.net/10498/34411 LA eng DS Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Cádiz RD 14-nov-2026