RT journal article T1 Measuring Trust in Intelligence Services: A Conceptual Framework and Exploratory Study A1 Díaz Fernández, Antonio Manuel A1 Real Castrillo, Cristina del A2 Derecho Internacional PúblicoPenal y Procesal K1 Confidence K1 trust K1 legitimacy K1 intelligence agency K1 Spain AB In democratic societies, trust in public institutions, includingintelligence services, is crucial. A framework is presented inthis paper to examine trust in Spain’s intelligence agency,based on a survey of 2,888 Spanish university students. Sixdimensions were found to influence trust. High trust was asso-ciated with the perceived effectiveness of the agency at addres-sing threats against the state and adherence to legal standards.Additionally, trust was linked to the perception that the intelli-gence services were aware of those threats and could effectivelycounter them. The study contributes to the line of research oncitizens’ trust in intelligence services PB Taylor & Francis SN 1741-9166 YR 2025 FD 2025 LK http://hdl.handle.net/10498/36354 UL http://hdl.handle.net/10498/36354 LA eng DS Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Cádiz RD 08-nov-2026