RT journal article T1 Prototype Instrumentation for the Spatial and Temporal Characterisation of Voltage Supply Based on Two-Dimensional Higher-Order Statistics A1 González de la Rosa, Juan José A1 Florencias Oliveros, Olivia A1 Sierra Fernández, José María A1 Espinosa Gavira, Manuel Jesús A1 Agüera Pérez, Agustín A1 Palomares Salas, José Carlos A1 Pallarés López, Víctor A1 Real Calvo, Rafael Jesús A1 Santiago Chiquero, Isabel A2 Ingeniería en AutomáticaElectrónica, Arquitectura y Redes de Computadores K1 energy data K1 higher-order statistics K1 measurement instrument K1 network voltage status K1 power quality tracking AB This paper presents a proof-of-concept of a versatile Power Quality (PQ) analyserfor tracking the voltage supply in industrial and residential sectors. It implements 2DHigher-Order Statistics (HOS) to assess voltage quality, based more on the sinusoidal waveform than on power fluctuations. Beyond the second-order parameters and permissibledeviations regulated by the norm, EN 50160, the two-dimensional traces and probabilitydensity functions, along with a previously studied differential index, manage to identifydifferent states of the electrical grid. Waveforms were measured in the wall plugs of a publicbuilding. In regard to analysing reliability and voltage waveform, the results corroboratethat incorporating skewness and kurtosis indicators improves the characterisation, as wellas extracting the customers’ supply behaviour under normal and anomalous operations.The instrument showed good behaviour in site characterisation, and the implementedmethod was considered as a probabilistic approach for the risk assessment of an installation. The prototype was tested in the facilities of a public building of the university, beingable to detect deviations in 10 s traces of 3.9% in variance and 0.6% in kurtosis. PB MDPI SN 1996-1073 YR 2025 FD 2025 LK http://hdl.handle.net/10498/36397 UL http://hdl.handle.net/10498/36397 LA eng DS Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Cádiz RD 06-nov-2026