RT journal article T1 Globalization and privatization of International Relations T2 Globalización y privatización de las relaciones internacionales. Homenaje al Profesor Liñán Nogueras A1 Marrero, Inmaculada K1 Globalization K1 sovereignty K1 anti-globalization K1 post-globalization K1 deglobalization K1 globalización K1 soberanía AB This paper analyzes three periods in which the process of globalization has beenstrongly contested by civil society, sometimes translated into social movements that have acquireda transnational dimension and, in a more recent period, by substantial and radical changes in thegovernments and foreign policies of a significant number of States. The first of these responsesto be examined is the birth of a movement, beginning in the late 1990s, which denounced theterrible socio-economic conditions endured by countries on the periphery as those marginalizedby the globalization process (anti-globalization). The second response was born in the wake of theeconomic-financial crisis of 2008, which also hit the citizens of Western countries, promoters ofthe liberal economic ideology on which the foundations of globalization are based, producing anindividual and collective awareness of the inability of States to correct the failures of the globalizing model and solve global problems (post-globalization). Finally, we will examine the reactionof certain governments, both in central and peripheral states, which advocate controlling the expansion of liberal internationalism by means of extremist and nationalist ideological formulas infavor of recovering national sovereignty, control of economies and free foreign policies throughdisconnectivity (deglobalization). PB Editorial Uca SN 2341-0868 YR 2025 FD 2025 LK http://hdl.handle.net/10498/37594 UL http://hdl.handle.net/10498/37594 LA eng DS Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Cádiz RD 10-may-2026