RT journal article
T1 Additive vs. Subtractive Manufacturing: A Comparative Life Cycle and Cost Analyses of Steel Mill Spare Parts
A1 Segovia Guerrero, Luis
A1 Baladés Ruiz, Nuria
A1 Gallardo-Galán, Juan J.
A1 Gil Mena, Antonio José
A1 Sales Lérida, David
A2 Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica
A2 Ingeniería Eléctrica
A2 Ingeniería Industrial e Ingeniería Civil
K1 additive manufacturing
K1 CNC
K1 environmental impacts
K1 life cycle assessment (LCA)
K1 life cycle costing (LCC)
K1 machining
K1 WAAM
AB In the context of growing environmental concerns and the demand for more sustainable manufacturing practices, this study evaluates the environmental and economic performance of two production routes for a stainless steel support block used in steel mills. A comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Costing (LCC) were conducted to assess a conventional subtractive manufacturing process based on Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machining versus a hybrid approach that combines Plasma Arc-Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (PA-WAAM) with CNC finishing. The LCA was carried out using ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint and Endpoint methodologies in SimaPro, while the LCC employed a cradle-to-gate cost model. Results showed that the hybrid WAAM-CNC route reduced average environmental impacts by 49% across 18 categories and decreased steel consumption by approximately 70% due to near-net-shape fabrication. Although the hybrid method incurred an approximate 3.5 times increase in unit production cost, this was primarily attributed to equipment investment. In contrast, operational costs such as labor, materials, and consumables were significantly lower—by 66%, 28%, and 45%, respectively. These findings support the hybrid approach as a more sustainable manufacturing alternative with the potential for long-term cost optimization as additive technologies mature.
PB Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
SN 2504-4494
YR 2025
FD 2025-04
LK http://hdl.handle.net/10498/38041
UL http://hdl.handle.net/10498/38041
LA eng
DS Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Cádiz
RD 21-sep-2026