RT journal article
T1 A Low-Code Orchestration Middleware for Secure and Transparent IoT–Blockchain Integration
A1 Rosa Bilbao, Jesús
A2 Ingeniería Informática
K1 Low-code development platform
K1 IoT–blockchain integration
K1 distributed ledger technologies
K1 workflow orchestration
K1 smart-contract interaction
K1 data integrity
AB The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructures with Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT)remains challenging due to the reliance on complex, tightly coupled back-end systems or centralized oracle services that hinder scalability, maintainability, and trust. This paper introduces a lightweight middleware architecture based on a Low-Code Development Platform (LCDP) that enables flexible and secure IoT-to-blockchain orchestration. We develop a custom workflow extension for the n8n platform that supports direct interaction with smart contracts, thereby removing the need for third-party oracle intermediaries. The proposed system was evaluated in a real-world deployment involving a network of Netatmo environmental sensors and the Alastria consortium blockchain. Experimental results show that the middleware can process 12 concurrent sensor data streams with an average end-to-end latency of 37.4 s, a delay dominated by the blockchain consensus time rather than middleware overhead, while ensuring the generation of immutable and verifiable audit trails. These findings demonstrate that low-code orchestration can deliver an effective, scalable, and fault-tolerant alternative for integrating IoT infrastructures with blockchain in Industry 4.0 environments.
PB Tech Science Press
SN 1546-2226
YR 2026
FD 2026-04-23
LK http://hdl.handle.net/10498/39399
UL http://hdl.handle.net/10498/39399
LA eng
DS Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Cádiz
RD 21-sep-2026