RT journal article
T1 Experimental study of distributed control for renewable energy/energy storage/hydrogen system-based microgrid clusters using Raspberry Pi agents
A1 Carrasco González, David
A1 Sarrias Mena, Raúl
A1 Horrillo Quintero, Pablo
A1 Hosseini, Ehsan
A1 Llorens Iborra, Francisco
A1 Fernández Ramírez, Luis Miguel
A2 Ingeniería Eléctrica
A2 Ingeniería en AutomáticaElectrónica, Arquitectura y Redes de Computadores
K1 Control agents
K1 Distributed control
K1 Microgrid cluster
K1 Real-time control
K1 Energy storage system
K1 Renewable energy
AB Microgrid clusters (MGCs) are emerging as a promising solution for integrating diverse DC and AC technologies, thereby enhancing flexibility and resilience. This research presents an experimental study of a control strategy for a MGC comprising two microgrids (MGs), interconnected with each other: a DC MG with a wind generator, an ultracapacitor, DC local loads, and a hydrogen system; and an AC MG that includes an electric battery, AC local loads, and a photovoltaic power plant. Through experimental validation, this research produces valuable findings into the design and implementation of advanced MGC technologies. The proposed control strategy leverages local controllers and a distributed control architecture that includes two control agents, which coordinates the power management between the technologies of the MGC. The experimental setup, consisting of an OPAL-RT unit and two Raspberry Pi boards, is implemented for the real-time testing and verification of the control methodology across a range of operational scenarios. The real-time experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed control methodology. Additionally, the control strategy exhibits superior integral time absolute error performance compared to a centralized control architecture. Finally, a study on communication delays across all control agents reveals that while performance degrades, system stability is maintained.
PB Elsevier
SN 1873-2046
YR 2026
FD 2026
LK http://hdl.handle.net/10498/39516
UL http://hdl.handle.net/10498/39516
LA eng
NO This work was partially supported by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion, ´ Agencia Estatal de Investigacion, ´ FEDER, UE (Grant PID2021-123633OB-C32 supported by MCIN /AEI /10.13039/501100011033/FEDER, UE).
DS Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Cádiz
RD 09-may-2026