UV-LEDs combined with persulfate salts as a method to inactivate microalgae in ballast water

Abstract

The Ballast Water Management Convention (BWMC) establishes limits for viable organisms in discharged ballast water. UV-based ballast water management systems (BMWS) are among the most common, especially those with low pressure (LP) and medium pressure (MP) mercury lamps. An interesting alternative to mercury lamps could be UV LEDs that have been developing over recent years. UVA, UVB, and UVC LEDs have been tested as a method to inactivate microalgae in ballast water. For this study, the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum was selected as a target organism. Comparing the D2 (dose required to achieve two log reductions) for P. tricornutum from different UV treatments, it was observed that UVC LEDs were 74.2 % more efficient than UVB LEDs and, compared with previous studies, 48.1 % more efficient than UVC LP mercury lamps. If a five day dark post-treatment was combined with the UV irradiation to avoid photoreactivation, UVC LEDs were 90 % more efficient than UVB LEDs and, compared with previous studies, 36.8 % more efficient than UVC LP mercury lamps. No damage with or without photoreactivation was caused by UVA irradiation with doses up to 4·104 mJ cm−2. The combination of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) with UVA, UVB and UVC LEDs did not significantly increase the inactivation, and the combination of the peroxydisulfate (PDS) with UVC LEDs slightly decreases the inactivation compared with UVC irradiation alone. In conclusion, UVC LEDs were the most efficient for inactivating P. tricornutum, and the combination of PMS and PDS with UV LEDs did not notably improve it. © 2022 The Authors