Subjective well-being of migrants: an exploratory study in the Campo de Gibraltar and Níjar

Abstract

Migration studies have traditionally prioritized economic, political, and health-related aspects. Yet, the subjective well-being (SWB) of migrants has recently garnered increasing attention. This study examines the SWB, happiness, and life satisfaction of migrants in two regions of Andalusia, southern Spain: Campo de Gibraltar and Níjar. Both significant migration hubs due to their proximity to Africa. It focuses on factors shaping migrants’ well-being, such as life satisfaction, employment status, and perceived intergenerational progress, while identifying work-related challenges and proposing policies to enhance integration and emotional well-being. Data were collected through structured surveys from 76 migrants (36 in Campo de Gibraltar and 40 in Níjar), addressing demographics, living conditions, employment, and SWB indicators. Results indicate that 47.2% of migrants in Campo de Gibraltar reported feeling "quite happy," compared to 37.5% in Níjar. Employment emerged as a significant determinant of happiness, with 77.8% of migrants in Campo de Gibraltar and 92.5% in Níjar reporting increased happiness after securing their first job. However, 75% of Níjar migrants experienced challenges upon arrival, compared to 38.9% in Campo de Gibraltar. These findings underscore the role of socioeconomic factors, particularly employment stability and living conditions, in shaping SWB. Addressing regional disparities through targeted policies—such as improved access to jobs and housing is essential. This study highlights the importance of integrating SWB metrics into migration research and policymaking to enhance migrant integration, reduce inequalities, and improve their quality of life.