Disposable optical sensor for Al(III) ions determination by coupled colorimetric solid-phase extraction-reflectance spectroscopy in leachates from cookware, antacids and hygienic care products

Abstract

A disposable and miniaturised optical sensor based on colorimetric solid-phase extraction has been designed using poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) membrane disks modified with the colorimetric reagent pyridoxal salicyloylhydrazone to determine the aluminium concentration in aqueous solutions. The extraction of Al(III) ions by the reagent immobilised onto a disk allows the quantification directly on the adsorbent surface by a miniature portable reflectance spectrometer with an optical fibre at 434 nm. The optimisation of the sensing system was carried out by a fractional factorial design 33−1 considering the extraction pH, amount of ligand immobilised onto the disk and time of immobilisation as experimental factors. The linear dynamic range of the sensor response ranged from 0.18 to 2 mg L−1 Al(III) with a detection limit of 0.18 mg L−1 (n=10), being the precision of 6.3% for 1 mg L−1 Al(III) (n=10, confidence level of 95%). The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of aluminium in leachates from cookware, antacids and hygienic care products, as contribution to the concern about aluminium as a known systemic toxicant at high doses.